Walt Whitman: "When Lilacs last in the dooryard Bloom’d” , O Captain! My Captain!

Walt Whitman (1819-1892) is widely regarded as one of the most influential poets in American history. He is considered as an early modern poet and a pioneer of free verse style of poetry. His work is like a cornerstone of American poetry that continues to influence modern poetry, and he remains one of the most widely read and studied poets in the world. He regarded himself, his country, his age, as the most perfect as he always believed that all creation is constantly advancing and progressing.

Number in English Grammar

English Grammar: Singular and Plural Nouns

Number is a grammatical category that indicates whether a noun, pronoun, or verb is singular (one) or plural (more than one)[cite: 1].

1. Singular and Plural Numbers

• Singular Number: When a noun refers to just one person, animal, place, thing, or quality, it is singular (e.g., student, tiger, street, apple)[cite: 1].
• Plural Number: When a noun refers to two or more people, animals, places, things, or qualities, it is plural (e.g., students, tigers, streets, apples)[cite: 1].

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2. Standard Rules for Forming Plurals

Adding '-s' (Basic Method): The standard way to form a plural is by adding -s to the end of the noun[cite: 1].

• Boy → Boys[cite: 1]
• Girl → Girls[cite: 1]
• Pencil → Pencils[cite: 1]
• Price → Prices[cite: 1]

Nouns Ending in '-s', '-sh', '-ch', '-x', or '-z': Add -es to the end of the noun[cite: 1]. (Note: Words with a hard 'ch' sound, like monarch, take only an -s → monarchs)[cite: 1].

• Box → Boxes | Miss → Misses | Dish → Dishes[cite: 1]
• Match → Matches | Coach → Coaches | Witch → Witches[cite: 1]
• Bus → Buses | Bush → Bushes | Brush → Brushes[cite: 1]

Nouns Ending in '-y':

• Consonant + 'y': Change 'y' to 'i' and add -es[cite: 1].
  • Country → Countries | City → Cities | Enemy → Enemies[cite: 1]
  • Melody → Melodies | Lady → Ladies | Reality → Realities[cite: 1]
  • Fly → Flies | Cherry → Cherries | Story → Stories | Army → Armies[cite: 1]
• Vowel + 'y': Simply add -s[cite: 1].
  • Valley → Valleys | Donkey → Donkeys | Kidney → Kidneys[cite: 1]
  • Journey → Journeys | Toy → Toys | Key → Keys | Guy → Guys[cite: 1]

Nouns Ending in '-f', '-fe', '-ff', or '-ffe':

• Change '-f'/'-fe' to '-ves': Loaf → Loaves, Shelf → Shelves, Thief → Thieves, Calf → Calves, Wolf → Wolves, Half → Halves, Life → Lives, Knife → Knives, Wife → Wives[cite: 1].
• Simply add '-s': Chief → Chiefs, Brief → Briefs, Gulf → Gulfs, Safe → Safes, Roof → Roofs, Belief → Beliefs[cite: 1].
• Accepts both '-s' and '-ves': Handkerchief → Handkerchiefs/Handkerchieves, Hoof → Hoofs/Hooves, Scarf → Scarfs/Scarves[cite: 1].
• Words ending in '-ff' or '-ffe': Simply add -s (e.g., Cliff → Cliffs, Bailiff → Bailiffs, Giraffe → Giraffes, Gaffe → Gaffes)[cite: 1].

Nouns Ending in '-o': Most nouns ending in '-o' take -s (e.g., Piano → Pianos, Photo → Photos)[cite: 1].

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3. Irregular Plurals & Unchanging Nouns

• Vowels/Internal Changes: Man → Men, Woman → Women, Person → People*, Mouse → Mice, Goose → Geese, Tooth → Teeth, Child → Children, Foot → Feet[cite: 1].

*Note: "Persons" is also an acceptable plural form of "person," but in modern English, it is generally reserved for formal, legal, or bureaucratic contexts (e.g., "Any persons found guilty of shoplifting will be prosecuted")[cite: 1].

• Identical Singular & Plural Forms: Fish → Fish, Sheep → Sheep, Bison → Bison, Aircraft → Aircraft[cite: 1].

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4. Uncountable Nouns

Uncountable nouns refer to substances, concepts, or quantities that cannot be divided into individual units, meaning they do not have a plural form[cite: 1] (e.g., rice, butter, milk, advice, news)[cite: 1].

To quantify uncountable nouns, use units of measurement or counter words (e.g., a pound of rice, a bottle of milk, a piece of advice)[cite: 1].

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5. Nouns Derived from Latin and Greek

English often retains classical pluralization rules for Latin and Greek loanwords, though anglicized forms are also widely accepted in modern usage[cite: 1].

Endings	Pattern	Singular Example	Plural Form(s)
-ex / -ix	-ices	Index Appendix	Indices (or Indexes) Appendices (or Appendixes)[cite: 1]
-us	-i	Fungus Nucleus Focus Cactus Radius	Fungi Nuclei Foci Cacti (or Cactuses) Radii[cite: 1]
-on	-a	Criterion Phenomenon	Criteria Phenomena[cite: 1]
-is	-es	Thesis Crisis Analysis Hypothesis	Theses Crises Analyses Hypotheses[cite: 1]
-um	-a	Datum Stratum Bacterium	Data Strata Bacteria[cite: 1]
-us	-era / -ora	Corpus Genus	Corpora Genera[cite: 1]

The Usage of Determiner

 In English grammar, a determiner is a word that comes before a noun to clarify its meaning by specifying which one, how many, whose, or how much.

Definition

According to A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language by Randolph Quirk and his co-authors: A determiner is a class of words that limit or determine the reference of a noun phrase.

WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS (1865-1939) : A Prayer for My Daughter

W.B. Yeats has thought and written much about the theory and practice of his own poetic art. For a full understanding of his poems, it is necessary to have some knowledge of his theory of poetry. He believed in the theory of "Art for art's sake" during the early stage of his poetic career. But actually, his genius was lyrical. It penetrated his essentially lyrical dreams. In the 1919s in his early career, he became the advocate of "art for art's sake". He began writing "pure poetry" under the influence of the French symbolists and the English Aesthetes. He divested such poetry of all the exterior decorations.

A Note on Romanticism "(1798-1832)

 Romanticism was a movement emphasizing emotion, individualism, imagination, and a deep connection with nature, emerging in Europe in the late 18th century.

It is not easy to define romanticism. Like many other literary terms, this word has been used in different ages in widely different senses. Goethe placed it against Classicism: "Romanticism is disease; Classicism is health."