Punctuation

 In our writing, we use punctuation marks to indicate the pauses and changes in expression.  Punctuation marks were invented to clarify the expression in language. It is a set of symbols used in writing to help explain meaning and make sentences easier to read. It helps us organize thoughts, show pauses, indicate emotions, and structure sentences correctly.

The Sentence: Subject and Predicate

 Without sentences, we would have a great deal of difficulty in communicating with each other. A sentence is a group of words that makes complete sense by itself. In its simplest form, a sentence may consist of just a noun and a verb, or even of a single word.

A sentence has two main parts, called the subject and the predicate.

Tense: Present Tense

Definition:

Grammatically Tense refers to the conjugation or form of a verb to reflect the time of the action or state -that is, when the action occurred.

Verbs in their basic form inherently describe the time.

There are three main types of tenses in English:

Nouns that Name Specific Things

1. The author of a book
2. The bank of a river
3. The lens of a camera
4. The bark of a dog
5. The Beak of a bird/duck
6. The bottom of a well
7. The brim of a hat
8. The lid of a jar
9. The belief in God
10. Hope for peace
11. The love of music
12. The screen of a laptop
13. The lawyer of a court
14. The claws of a lion
15. The crown of a king
16. The conductor of an orchestra
17. The capital of a  country
18. The zipper of a jacket
19. The center of a city
20. The crown of a king
21. The door of a building
22. The coast of a sea
23. The bank of a river
24. The belief in God
25. The concept of love
26. The doctor of a patient
27. The envy of success
28. The edge of a cliff
29. The floor of a room
30. The envy of success
31. The bottom of a shirt
32. The love of music
33. The hate of war
34. The fur of a cat
35. The heel of a shoe
36. The horns of a bull
37. The hooves of a horse
38. The handle of a door
39.  
40. The hero of a story
41. The king of a kingdom
42. The lawyer of a court
43. The lid of a pot
44. The mane of a lion
45. The paws of a bear
46. The pockets of a pants
47. The pride of achievement
48. The pages of a notebook
49. The pilot of an airplane
50. The president of a country
51. the roof of a house
52. The roots of a tree
53. The robe of a judge
54. The shell of a Snail/ turtle
55. The summit of a mountain
56. The tail of a dog
57. The teacher of a class
58. The scales of fish
59. The sole of a shoe
60. The stem of flower
61. The shame of failure
62. The staff of a wizard
63. The hooves of a horse
64. The paws of a bear
65. The theory of gravity
66. The pouch of a kangaroo
67. The stripes of a zebra
68. The spots of a leopard
69. The brush of a painter
70. The branches of a tree
71. The eyes of an owl
72. The tongue of a dog
73. The hump of a camel

Linking Words

Linking words are words or phrases used to connect ideas, sentences, or paragraphs smoothly in writing  or speech. They help the readers to follow the logic of thoughts and understand how ideas relate to each other.

Various types of linking verbs depend on the use or place in sentences.  These are:

classification of Pronoun

 Definition:

In English, the word ‘pro’ means before but in Latin, it means instead of.  So, Pronouns are words that we use in place of nouns. Example: I, we, you, she, he, they, her, our, etc., the noun being replaced is known as the antecedent of the pronoun.

Categories of Pronouns: 

There is a wide range of different categories of pronouns that we use in everyday speech and writing. Each kind of pronoun has a unique function in a sentence; many pronouns belong to multiple categories and can serve different purposes depending on the context.

Normally, pronouns are classified into the following categories:

1. Personal Pronoun 2. Demonstrative Pronoun 3. Relative Pronoun,4. Interrogative Pronoun 5. Distributive Pronoun 6. Indefinite Pronoun 7. Reflexive Pronoun and 8. Reciprocal Pronoun.

1. Personal Pronoun: Personal pronouns have different forms depending on the person, number, and gender. Based on the person, it can be classified into three categories, and they are:

·         Subjective pronoun: I, we, you, they, he, she, it, etc.

·        Objective pronoun: the teacher loves me/ us/ you/them/him, etc.

·        Possessive pronoun: It is a pronoun that shows who or what owns something. For example: the fishing rod is mine/ yours/his/her/ others/ ours/ theirs.

2. Demonstrative Pronoun:

To identify a specific person or thing, we use demonstrative pronouns.  It has different forms depending on number of person or things. for example: this, that, these, those, such etc.

3. Relative Pronoun:

We use relative pronouns to relate or connect relative clauses (als

Collective Noun:

A Collective noun is given to a collection or group of singular persons, place, animal, thing, or idea – e.g., mob, herd, bunch, gang, school, fleet, flock, etc.

Based on usage, collective nouns are classified into four types:

1. Class Collective Noun: clothing, furniture, luggage, brick, machinery, etc.

2. Distributive Collective Noun:  people, folk, cattle, poultry, etc.

3. Generalising Collective Noun:  Police, peasant, noble

4. Group Collective Noun: the jury, a fleet, a crowd, etc. 

Number and Rules of Changing Nouns to Plurals

 Number is a grammatical category that indicates whether a noun, pronoun, or verb is one or more than one. There are two types of numbers in grammar: singular and plural.

Singular Number:

When a noun refers to just one person, animal, place, thing, or quality, it is said to be singular in number. Examples include student, tiger, street, and apple.

Plural Number:

When a noun stands for two or more people, animals, places, things, or qualities, it is said to be plural in number. For example-students, tigers, streets, apples, etc.

 

Phrasal verb

A phrasal verb is a verb with one or more preposition added to it. The meaning of the verb changes completely with each additional preposition. A phrasal verb should be treated as a single unit of meaning, just like a separate verb.

Phrasal verbs are very common, we use it in spoken English all the time.

Examples of phrasal verb:

A

Ask for - Want

Add up- To calculate