When producing the consonant sound in the English language, different speech organs or articulators (such as the tongue, lips, and teeth) behave in diverse manners. According to the manners of articulation, the consonants in the English language can be categorized as follows:
Plosive: To
produce a plosive consonant sound, the airflow is completely stopped and then
released. Behind the closure, air
pressure is built up, and then the lung air is released explosively. English plosives include / p b d t k g /. For example: /p/ as in pat,
/b/ as in bat, /t/ as in top, /d/ as in dog, /k/ as in kin,
/g/ as in goat.
Fricative: A
fricative consonant is articulated when the airflow is partially blocked,
causing friction. English fricatives are /f v s h z ʒ θ ∫ /. For example: /f/
as in fins, /v/ as in vine, / s/ as in sin, /ʒ/ as in
measure, /θ/ as in thin, /∫ / as in shoe, /h/ as in horse,
/z/ as in zoo.
Affricate: To
pronounce an affricate consonant, a combination of a plosive and a fricative —
the sound starts with a stop and releases into a fricative is made. The English
language possesses two affricates, and they are: /ʤ/ and /ʧ/.
for examples: /ʧ/ as in church, /ʤ/ as in judge.
Nasal:
To articulate a nasal consonant, a complete closure at some point in the mouth
is made. Then the soft palate is in the lowered state, and the lung air escapes
through the nose. English nasals are / m n ŋ/. For example: /m/ as in mouse,
/n/ as in near , /ŋ/ as in sing.
Lateral: To
produce the lateral consonant, the airflow is blocked in the middle of the
mouth but allowed to pass along the sides of the tongue. The English language has
only one lateral consonant /l/. For example: /l/ as in let.
Approximants
or frictionless continuants: To
produce the approximants or frictionless consonants, the articulators
come close but do not create turbulence (friction). English approximants or
frictionless continuants are /w j/. For example: /w/ as in win, /j/ as
in yes.
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